The verb you need in nearly every sentence about the past.
Avoir conjugation comes right after être for every French learner: j'ai, j'avais, j'aurai, que j'aie. Avoir means to have, and it also builds the passé composé of most French verbs, so it turns up in almost every sentence about the past.
This page gives every common tense of avoir in two tables, the difference between j'avais and j'ai eu, and the expressions where English says to be and French says avoir.
The three tenses you will use most, side by side:
| Subject | Present | Imparfait | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| je (j') | ai | avais | aurai |
| tu | as | avais | auras |
| il, elle, on | a | avait | aura |
| nous | avons | avions | aurons |
| vous | avez | aviez | aurez |
| ils, elles | ont | avaient | auront |
Je always becomes j' before avoir: j'ai, j'avais, j'aurai. The imparfait is regular: take nous avons, drop -ons and add the usual endings. The future is not: its stem is aur-, and the conditional shares it.
In ils ont, the s of ils links to the vowel and sounds like a z. That z is all that separates ils ont (they have) from ils sont (they are) when you hear them.
Avoir forms its passé composé with itself: j'ai eu, tu as eu, il a eu, nous avons eu, vous avez eu, ils ont eu. The participle eu is a single sound, the French u of tu.
Eu stays the same in most sentences. It agrees only when a direct object comes before the verb: les ennuis qu'il a eus. The page on past participle agreement with avoir explains when that happens.
The plus-que-parfait follows the same pattern with the imparfait: j'avais eu, nous avions eu.
J'avais describes a state that lasted, with no clear start or end: j'avais faim toute la matinée, quand j'avais dix ans, il avait une voiture rouge.
J'ai eu marks something that happened at a given moment, often a change: j'ai eu peur quand la porte a claqué, elle a eu son permis en juin, nous avons eu de la chance.
A quick test: if English could say used to have, or describes how things were, use j'avais. If it means got, received or suddenly felt, use j'ai eu.
| Subject | Conditional | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| je (j') | aurais | que j'aie |
| tu | aurais | que tu aies |
| il, elle, on | aurait | qu'il ait |
| nous | aurions | que nous ayons |
| vous | auriez | que vous ayez |
| ils, elles | auraient | qu'ils aient |
J'aurai (future) and j'aurais (conditional) differ only by the final s and sound almost alike: j'aurai fini demain, j'aurais aimé venir.
Que j'aie takes an e that j'ai does not have, and the two sound the same. After il faut que, bien que or avant que, write aie: il faut que j'aie fini avant midi. Qu'il ait ends in t, nous and vous switch to the stem ay-.
The imperative borrows those forms: aie, ayons, ayez, as in n'ayez pas peur.
Most French verbs form the passé composé with avoir: j'ai mangé, elle a fini, nous avons pris le train. A smaller group takes être instead: verbs of movement and change of state such as aller, venir and partir, and every pronominal verb. The guide to être conjugation covers that group.
With avoir, the participle usually stays as it is, whoever the subject: elle a mangé, ils ont fini.
French describes many states as something you have:
Je suis faim and je suis vingt ans are word-for-word translations that do not work in French. Two more expressions learners need early: avoir besoin de, to need, and il y a, which means there is, there are, and also ago, as in il y a deux ans.
J'ai, j'avais, j'aurai, j'ai eu, j'aurais, que j'aie. Avoir has a regular imparfait, the stem aur- in the future and the conditional, and it builds the passé composé of most other verbs, itself included.
How do you conjugate avoir in the present tense?
J'ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont. Only the nous and vous forms follow a regular pattern.
What is the passé composé of avoir?
J'ai eu: avoir is its own auxiliary. The participle eu is pronounced like the French u.
What is the future tense of avoir?
J'aurai, tu auras, il aura, nous aurons, vous aurez, ils auront. The stem aur- is irregular, the endings are the usual ones.
Is it j'ai or j'aie?
J'ai in the present, que j'aie in the subjunctive. They sound the same, so look for a trigger such as il faut que.
Why do you say j'ai faim and not je suis faim?
French expresses hunger, thirst, fear and age as something you have: j'ai faim, j'ai peur, j'ai vingt ans. Je suis faim does not exist.
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