Guide

French direct object pronouns, and when lui takes over

A handful of short words, and one question that tells you which one to use.

French direct object pronouns are me, te, le, la, l', nous, vous and les. They replace the direct object of a verb, the person or thing the action lands on with no preposition in between: « Je vois Marie » becomes « Je la vois ». The trouble starts in the third person, where le, la and les compete with the indirect pronouns lui and leur, and English gives you no clue: « je l'appelle » is "I call her", yet « je lui téléphone » is "I phone her".

Below: the full list, the one test that settles le or lui, where the pronoun goes in the sentence, the order when two pronouns meet, and the agreement trap in the passé composé.

1. The French direct object pronouns

There is one pronoun per person. Le, la and les work for people and for things alike.

PersonPronounExample
I / meme (m')Il me regarde.
you (informal)te (t')Je t'attends.
him, her, itle, la (l')Paul ? Je le connais. La clé ? Je la prends.
usnousElle nous invite.
you (plural or formal)vousJe vous écoute.
themlesCes livres, je les lis.

Me, te, le and la drop their vowel before a vowel or a mute h: « je l'aime », « il m'aide », « on t'a vu ». Les never changes: « je les aime ».

2. Direct vs indirect object pronouns: the à test

French indirect object pronouns are me, te, lui, nous, vous and leur. They match the direct ones everywhere except the third person, which is exactly where people hesitate.

The test: look at how the verb is built in French, not in English. If it takes à before the person (parler à quelqu'un, téléphoner à quelqu'un), use lui or leur. If the person follows the verb directly (voir quelqu'un, aider quelqu'un), use le, la or les.

Verbs that trip English speakers

French verbBuilt withPronounEnglish
aider quelqu'unno àje l'aideI help her
écouter quelqu'unno àje l'écouteI listen to her
attendre quelqu'unno àje l'attendsI wait for her
téléphoner à quelqu'unàje lui téléphoneI phone her
obéir à quelqu'unàje lui obéisI obey her
demander à quelqu'unàje lui demandeI ask her

English "to" and "for" tell you nothing here: listen to and wait for are direct in French, ask and phone are not.

3. Le, la, les or lui and leur in the third person

Lui is both masculine and feminine: « Je parle à Marc » and « Je parle à Julie » both become « Je lui parle ». Leur is its plural: « J'écris à mes parents » becomes « Je leur écris ».

Leur the pronoun never takes an s, even when it stands for a crowd: « Je leur donne des livres ». The word with an s is the possessive, which sits before a noun: « leurs livres ». The rule page leur or leurs covers that pair in detail.

Le, on the other hand, can also stand for a whole idea: « Tu savais qu'il partait ? Oui, je le savais. »

4. Where direct object pronouns go in the sentence

The infinitive case catches many learners: in « je veux le lire », le goes with lire, so it sits right before lire, not before veux.

5. French pronoun order when two pronouns meet

When a sentence has two object pronouns, they come in a fixed order: me, te, nous or vous first, then le, la or les, then lui or leur, then y, then en.

A positive command changes the order: the verb comes first, then the direct pronoun, then the indirect one, all joined by hyphens: « Donne-le-moi », « Envoie-les-leur ». Y and en always come last, as in « Je lui en parle »; the guide Y and en in French explains those two.

6. Direct object pronouns in the passé composé

With avoir, the past participle agrees with a direct object placed before it, and a direct object pronoun is always before it. So the participle takes the gender and number of what the pronoun stands for:

Lui and leur are indirect, so they never trigger the agreement: « Je leur ai parlé », « Je lui ai écrit ». The full rule, with the exceptions, is on the page Past participle agreement with avoir.

7. Common mistakes with object pronouns

In short

Ask whether the French verb takes à before the person. No à: le, la, l' or les. With à: lui or leur. Put the pronoun before the verb, after it only in a positive command, and remember that a direct pronoun before avoir makes the participle agree. To practise with real sentences, Apostrophe· dictations make you write them and show the rule behind each mistake.

Frequently asked questions

What are the French direct object pronouns?

Me, te, le, la, nous, vous and les, with m', t' and l' before a vowel or a mute h. They replace a person or thing that follows the verb with no preposition.

How do I know if it's le or lui?

Check whether the French verb takes à before the person. Parler à, téléphoner à and répondre à take lui; voir, aider and appeler take le or la.

Where do object pronouns go in French?

Before the conjugated verb, or before the infinitive they belong to. In a positive command they follow the verb, joined with a hyphen: prends-le.

Does leur ever take an s?

Not as a pronoun: je leur parle, je leur donne des livres. Leurs with an s is the possessive before a plural noun, as in leurs livres.

Does the past participle agree with a direct object pronoun?

Yes, with avoir it agrees in gender and number: je l'ai vue for a woman, je les ai écrites for letters. It never agrees with lui or leur.

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